(14)C 2-DG autoradiographic brain mapping was used to measure training-related activation in amygdala cortical nucleus (CoA), anterior (aPCx), and posterior (pPCx) piriform cortex. 
Field potentials were recorded in the basolateral amygdala in response to stimulation of either the external capsule (neocortical inputs) or fibers from the cortical nucleus of the amygdala (olfactory inputs).
VGLUT1 and -2 expression is mostly segregated to specific divisions of the amygdale, with VGLUT2 being expressed only in the MEA, the anterior cortical nucleus (COAa), and the anterior basomedial nucleus (BMAa), whereas VGLUT1 is expressed in all other divisions of the amygdala.
GAL-immunoreactive fibers were identified in the medial nucleus, "bed nucleus" of the accessory olfactory tract, fiontal cortical nucleus, amygdalo-hippocampal area and basolateral nucleus. VIP-immunoreactive fibers were observed in the lateral part oJ'the central nucleus, while long and radially oriented fibers were present in the frontal and dorsal cortical nucleus.
From the cortical nuclei, the most appreciable number of stained neurons was seen in the anterior cortical nucleus.
Through the accessory olfactory bulb and its projection target, the posteromedial cortical nucleus of the amygdala (PMCo), species-specific chemosignals detected by the vomeronasal organ (VNO) may reach the hypothalamus.
Primiparous females tested in the presence of pups on the elevated plus-maze displayed increased exploration of the open arms and increased c-Fos expression in the cortical nucleus of the amygdala.
(7) The lateral eminence, which is telencephalic, contributes to the cortical nucleus at stage 18. (8) The primordial plexiform layer develops independently of the cortical nucleus.
The posterior BST, the basomedial nucleus (BMA), and the cortical nucleus of the amygdala (COA) were found to be the major ENK afferents of the MEA, whereas the anterolateral BST, the COA, the MEA, and the BMA provided the main ENKergic innervation of the CEA.
In order to investigate this hypothesis, field potential signals induced in anesthetized rats by electrical stimulation of the olfactory bulb or the entorhinal cortex were recorded simultaneously in the piriform cortex (anterior part and posterior part) and the amygdala (basolateral nucleus and cortical nucleus). Paired-pulse stimulation of the entorhinal cortex mainly resulted in inhibition for the shortest interval duration (20 ms) in anterior piriform cortex, posterior piriform cortex and amygdala basolateral but not cortical nucleus. For short interpulse intervals (20 ms) heterosynaptic inhibition was observed in anterior piriform cortex, posterior piriform cortex and amygdala basolateral but not cortical nucleus.
Using a rat brain slice preparation, we conducted whole-cell recordings on pyramidal neurons of the periamygdaloid cortex and the anterior cortical nucleus, two structures receiving direct connections from the olfactory bulb. Upon depolarization by current injection through the recording electrode, a fraction of periamygdaloid cortex and most anterior cortical nucleus layer II pyramidal neurons displayed an intermittent discharge pattern, where clusters of action potentials were interspersed by periods of membrane potential subthreshold oscillations.
Additionally, increased Fos expression was measured in the main olfactory bulb and the piriform cortex, whereas no signs of activation were seen in the cortical nucleus of the amygdala, all components of the main olfactory system.
The aim of the present work was to identify gender-related differences in the dendroarchitectonics of neurons in the posterior cortical nucleus of the amygdaloid body and the role of androgens in forming the dendroarchitectonics during the period of sexual differentiation of the rat brain.
Sex differences in neuron dendroarchitectonics of the amygdala posterior cortical nucleus of adult rats were described for the first time using the Golgi method.
the postpiriform-transition area, the anterior part of cortical nucleus, anterior part of basomedial nucleus, posterior part of basolateral nucleus, and medial part of central nucleus) and affiliated sites in the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (i.e.
In the same animals, EFPs were recorded in parallel in the anterior piriform cortex (aPC), posterior piriform cortex (pPC), cortical nucleus of the amygdala (CoA), and basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) following electrical stimulation of the olfactory bulb.
Significant differences were detected in the label incorporation intensity in the neurons of piriform cortex as compared to that one in neurons of the medial portion of posterior cortical nucleus..
The heaviest projections from the amygdala to the piriform cortex originated in the medial division of the lateral nucleus, the periamygdaloid and sulcal subfields of the periamygdaloid cortex, and the posterior cortical nucleus. Lighter projections to the posterior piriform cortex originated in the dorsolateral division of the lateral nucleus, the magnocellular and parvicellular divisions of the basal and accessory basal nuclei, and the anterior cortical nucleus.
The aim of this study was to establish gender-associated differences in dendroarchitectonics of neurons in posterior cortical nucleus of amygdala and the role of androgens in their formation during the period of sexual differentiation of rat brain.
Another large cluster of retrogradely labeled cells in the lateral division of the amygdalo-hippocampal area, the posterior cortical nucleus (part of the vomeronasal amygdala), and the periamygdaloid cortex (part of the olfactory amygdala), however, had disappeared in epileptic brain in parallel to severe neuronal loss in these nuclei.
The effect of ram odour on the secretion of luteinizing hormone was completely blocked by inactivation of the cortical nucleus of the amygdala. On the contrary, the cortical nucleus of the amygdala is absolutely necessary for the treatment of and/or the response to the male olfactory signal but this structure can be bypassed when other sensory cues are available..
As an initial step towards understanding the odor processing functions of these secondary olfactory structures, we recorded evoked field potentials in response to lateral olfactory tract stimulation in vivo in urethane-anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats in the following brain structures: anterior olfactory nucleus, ventral and dorsal tenia tecta, olfactory tubercle, anterior and posterior piriform cortex, the anterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala, and lateral entorhinal cortex.
Dark and light neurons with morphological signs of secretory activity are described within one of the major sexually dimorphic zones of brain amygdaloid nucleus (anterior cortical nucleus).
The posterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala is involved in the processing of pheromonal information and presumably participates in ingestive, defensive, and reproductive behaviors as a part of the vomeronasal amygdala. Recent studies suggest that the posterior cortical nucleus might also modulate memory processing via its connections to the medial temporal lobe memory system. To investigate the projections from the posterior cortical nucleus to the hippocampal formation and the parahippocampal region, as well as the intra-amygdaloid connectivity in detail, we injected the anterograde tracer phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin into different rostrocaudal levels of the posterior cortical nucleus. The heaviest intranuclear projection was directed to the deep part of layer I and to layer II of the posterior cortical nucleus. Our data suggest that via these topographically organized projections, pheromonal information processed within the posterior cortical nucleus can influence memory formation in the hippocampal and parahippocampal areas.
First stages of kindling during the cortical nucleus stimulation are characterised by reactive changes of erythrocytes and thrombocytes suggesting that changes occur in the homeostasis.
The degree of neurone loss and the proportion of LB-containing neurones in the cortical nucleus within this complex were constant across Parkinson's disease cases and neither variable was related to disease duration (R(2 )< 0.03; P > 0.5). The cortical nucleus has major olfactory connections and its degeneration is likely to contribute to the early selective anosmia common in Parkinson's disease.
A population of wake active cells localized to the cortical nucleus decreased activity prior to and during cataplexy.
All the structures of the cortical nucleus portion described are characterized by original neuronal organization..
The amygdalo-piriform transition area also projects moderately to other amygdaloid nuclei, including the parvicellular division of the basal nucleus, the anterior cortical nucleus, and the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract.
A histochemical analysis of cytochrome oxidase activity, comparing lesioned to non-lesioned sides in the amygdala, revealed a significant reduction of oxidative metabolism in the cortical nucleus and, to a lesser degree, in the adjacent piriform cortex; this effect was observed 2-4 weeks after the lesion, with complete recovery by the eighth week in the case of the cortical nucleus only. Within both structures, the most pronounced decreases in metabolic activity were observed at roughly the same level, corresponding to the posterolateral and posteromedial levels of the cortical nucleus and just anterior to the amygdalopiriform transition.
The content of neurons double-labeled for D1/D2 receptors was observed at in differing intensities in the dorsal endopiroform nucleus, the intercalated nucleus of amygdala, the anterior part of the cortical nucleus amygdala, the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, the piriform cortex, the parabrachial nucleus, the supraoptic nucleus and the parabigeminal nucleus.
In piriform cortex and cortical nucleus of amygdaloid complex the structural and electrophysiological rostro-caudal differences were found (using relative spectral densities EEG, seizure thresholds, electrical kindling rate).
In the amygdala, OX1R mRNA was expressed throughout the amygdaloid complex with robust labeling in the medial nucleus, while OX2R mRNA was only present in the posterior cortical nucleus of amygdala.
This paper reports data on cytological peculiarities of neurons of two main zones of sexual dimorphism in brain amygdala (dorsomedial nucleus and anterior cortical nucleus).
The expression in the cortical nucleus correlated negatively with grooming behavior, whereas c-Fos immunolabeling of the other three subdivisions of the amygdala could be associated with the number of intertrial responses.
These areas include the medial division of the lateral nucleus, the parvicellular division of the basal nucleus, the accessory basal nucleus, the posterior cortical nucleus, and portions of the anterior cortical and medial nuclei.
Thus, delta9-THC-exposed males exhibited a lower density for these receptors than their respective oil-exposed controls in the caudate-putamen area as well as in the amygdala (posteromedial cortical nucleus). On the contrary, delta9-THC-exposed females exhibited higher density of these receptors than their respective oil-exposed controls in the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus (CA3 area), the amygdala (posteromedial cortical nucleus), the ventral tegmental area and the periaqueductal grey matter, whereas the binding was lower than control females only in the lateral amygdala.
In P rats, compared to NP controls, there was a 30% lower 5-HT3 binding level in the lateral nucleus and the posteromedial cortical nucleus of the amygdala.
Light projections were observed in the parvicellular division of the basal nucleus, the anterior cortical nucleus, the amygdalohippocampal area, and the anterior amygdaloid area.
The amygdala nuclei showing predominant ER alpha mRNA expression included the posterolateral cortical nucleus, amygdala hippocampal area, and lateral dorsolateral nucleus, whereas the amygdala areas with predominant ER beta mRNA expression were the medial anterodorsal and central nuclei.
In other amygdaloid nuclei, they were observed much less in the central nucleus, basomedial and anterior cortical nucleus.
Injections involving the accessory olfactory bulb and AON produced additional labeling of cells within the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), medial nucleus of the amygdala, and a few cells in the posteromedial cortical nucleus of the amygdala.
AMe lesions caused no dPA deficit at all, which contrasts with the mild PA deficits reported by others employing larger lesions extending to the cortical nucleus and, perhaps, damaging the central nucleus.
In the kainate model, where the seizure activity was more severe, the accessory basal nucleus, amygdalohippocampal area, posterior cortical nucleus and periamygdaloid cortex were also damaged.
No effects of estrogen were observed on PPE mRNA levels in the caudate-putamen (CPu) or the posterior lateral cortical nucleus of the amygdala (plCoAmyg).
Injections were also placed in the anterior cortical nucleus (COAa), a cell group superficially adjacent to the BMAa.
In addition, we examined connections of the anterior cortical nucleus and amygdalahippocampal area to determine whether portions of these nuclei should be included in the accessory basal nucleus (as some earlier studies suggest). Phaseolus vulgaris leucogglutinin was injected into different rostrocaudal levels of the accessory basal nucleus (n = 12) or into the anterior cortical nucleus (n = 3) or amygdalahippocampal area (n = 2). The major intra-amygdaloid projections from the accessory basal nucleus were directed to the medial and capsular divisions of the central nucleus, the medial division of the amygdalohippocampal area, the medial division of the lateral nucleus, the central division of the medial nucleus, and the posterior cortical nucleus. The projections originating in the anterior cortical nucleus and the lateral division of the amygdalohippocampal area differed from those originating in the accessory basal nucleus, which suggests that these areas are not part of the accessory basal nucleus.
High densities of 125I-NT binding sites were found in the following amygdaloid structures the dorsal part of the accessory basal nucleus, the medial part of the cortical nucleus, the lateral subdivision of the central nucleus, the paralaminar nucleus, the amygdalohippocampal transition area and the rostral portions of the anterior amygdaloid area. The ventral part of the accessory basal nucleus, the intercalated cell groups and the remaining parts of the anterior amygdaloid area showed moderate density of NT binding sites, while the medial, basal and lateral amygdaloid nuclei, the lateral part of the cortical nucleus, the medial subdivision of the central nucleus, as well as the corticoamygdaloid transition area exhibited low densities of 125I-NT binding sites.
The highest densities of the calretinin-immunoreactive neurons were observed in the anterior cortical nucleus, accessory basal nucleus, amygdalohippocampal area, and in the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract.
A small number of glutamate-positive pyramidal neurons in the anterior subdivision of the cortical nucleus were found to project to the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus.
The predilection sites include the entorhinal region, the CA2-sector of the hippocampal formation, the limbic nuclei of the thalamus, anterior cingulate areas, agranular insular cortex (layer VI), and - within the amygdala - the accessory cortical nucleus, the ventromedial divisions both of the basal and accessory basal nuclei, and the central nucleus.
The main intraamygdaloid targets of the basal nucleus projections are the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, the anterior amygdaloid area, the medial and capsular divisions of the central nucleus, the anterior cortical nucleus, and the amygdalohippocampal area.
The regions containing the lowest density of parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells were the paralaminar nucleus, the parvicellular division of the basal nucleus, the central nucleus, the medial nucleus and the anterior cortical nucleus.
The major extranuclear projections of the lateral nucleus are (in descending order of magnitude) to the accessory basal nucleus, the basal nucleus, the periamygdaloid cortex, the dorsal portion of the central division of the medial nucleus, the posterior cortical nucleus, the capsular division of the central nucleus, and the lateral division of the amygdalohippocampal area.
In structures immediately adjacent to the hypothalamus, pre-PDYN neurons were observed in the caudate nucleus, putamen, cortical nucleus of the amygdala, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.
In the anterior cortical nucleus, very few labeled cell bodies were found in the rostral pole, whereas they were abundant in the caudal quarter of the nucleus. In the posterolateral cortical nucleus, the number of labeled cell bodies increased gradually; there were none in the rostral pole, but most of the neurons in the caudal part were labeled. The posteromedial cortical nucleus contained a great number of labeled somata, but with some variation in the rostrocaudal extent of the nucleus.
Anterograde tracers placed into the olfactory bulb labeled axons in eight primary olfactory cortical areas: the anterior olfactory nucleus, piriform cortex, ventral tenia tecta, olfactory tubercle, anterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala, periamygdaloid cortex, and olfactory division of the entorhinal cortex.
The density of choline acetyltransferase-positive fibers was high in the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, the basolateral nucleus, and the amygdalohippocampal area; medium in the lateral nucleus, the cortical nucleus, the accessory basal nucleus, the periamygdaloid cortex, and the anterior amygdaloid area; and low in the medial and central nuclei. Nerve growth factor receptor-positive fibers were of medium density in the lateral nucleus, the accessory basal nucleus, the cortical nucleus, the anterior amygdaloid area, the periamygdaloid cortex, and the amygdalohippocampal area.
Using a monoclonal antibody to GABA, immunoreactive neurons were observed throughout the amygdaloid complex (constituting approximately 20% of the neurons in the lateral nucleus), with higher densities located in the intercalated nuclei, amygdalohippocampal area, and posterior cortical nucleus.
Furthermore, differential patterns of increase in CCK mRNA in morphine tolerant rats occurred in different subnuclei of the amygdala, with the highest magnitude of increase in the cortical nucleus, followed in order by the medial, central, basal, intercalated and lateral nuclei.
While we confirmed previous findings using 3H-AVP in golden hamsters, we also identified binding in many areas previously unreported (e.g., arcuate and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, tenia tecta, posteromedial cortical nucleus of the amygdala, and zona incerta), suggesting that 125I-SAVP provides a greater level of resolution.
The regions containing the lowest densities of parvalbumin-positive profiles were the medial nucleus, anterior cortical nucleus, central nucleus, and the paralaminar nucleus.
The second large pathway ascends through the medial zone of the hypothalamus and densely innervates the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial nucleus and adjacent basal parts of the lateral hypothalamic area, medial preoptic nucleus, principal nucleus of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, ventral lateral septal nucleus, posterodorsal part of the medial nucleus of the amygdala, posterior nucleus, and immediately adjacent regions of the posterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala.
Experiments with fluorogold and phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHAL) indicate that the major neuronal input to the PA arises in the ventral premammillary nucleus, and that substantial projections also arise in olfactory-related areas such as the medial nucleus of the amygdala, bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract, and posterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala, as well as in the ventral subiculum and adjacent parts of hippocampal field CA1. The efferent projections of the PA as determined with the PHAL method appear to follow five major routes: 1) a relatively small group of laterally directed fibers innervates the dorsal endopiriform nucleus, and a few of these fibers reach cortical area TR and the lateral entorhinal area; 2) another small group of fibers courses medially to innervate the ventral subiculum and adjacent parts of field CA1; 3) many fibers course ventrally to innervate the outer molecular layer of the medial part of the posterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala; 4) a moderate group of fibers courses rostrally to innervate primarily the posterodorsal part of the medial nucleus of the amygdala, although some fibers continue on to end less densely in rostral parts of the medial nucleus of the amygdala before leaving the amygdala through the ansa peduncularis; and 5) the major output of the PA courses through the stria terminalis.
The anterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala (COa) also projects to the dorsal part of the medial segment of MD and to its cortical targets, the medial orbital area (MO) and AIp.
Moderate labeling was found in layers II and IV of the isocortex, in the pyramidal layer of the CA1 and CA3 fields of the hippocampal formation, in the cortical nucleus of the amygdala, in the nucleus of the diagonal band, and in the anterior periventricular nucleus.
These brain areas showed little binding in the montane vole, in which oxytocin receptors were localized to the lateral septum, ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, and cortical nucleus of the amygdala.
Increased binding occurred in the anterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala in H animals.
The anterior amygdaloid area, basal complex, paralaminar nucleus, cortical nucleus, cortical-amygdaloid transition area, and amygdalohippocampal area contained moderate densities of immunoreactivity.
Such cells were also found in additional forebrain regions that received direct efferent innervation from the main olfactory bulb, such as the anterior olfactory nucleus, two subdivisions of the olfactory amygdala (nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract and anterior cortical nucleus), and the cortical-amygdaloid transition zone.
In addition to the neuronal and fiber staining, a diffuse, blue neuropil staining was also observed, most commonly in the anterior cortical nucleus, the medial nucleus, the intercalated nuclei, and especially in the amygdalohippocampal area.
In agreement with this, injections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) in the posterior half of the lateral hypothalamus labeled cells in four cortical areas that receive input from the olfactory bulb: the anterior olfactory nucleus, the piriform cortex (in the deepest layer or ventral endopiriform nucleus), the olfactory tubercle (in the deep polymorphic layer), and the anterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala. Injections of WGA-HRP in the anterolateral hypothalamus labeled cells only in the anterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala.
The PV excitation was elicited by medial parts of the intermediate principal nucleus, medial parts of the medial principal nucleus, a part of cortical nucleus and of pericortical nucleus. Inhibition of PV was induced by lateral parts of the medial principal nucleus, medial nucleus, central nucleus and a part of the pericortical nucleus.
laterobasal nucleus) have, in general, relatively few neuritic plaques; and (3) nuclei which receive olfactory projections are not uniformly affected, the cortical nucleus being heavily affected but the medial nucleus consistently spared..
However, in the mouse neuronal labelling was observed throughout the neural axis, including cellular labelling in the bed nucleus of the anterior commissure, the median preoptic nucleus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the periventricular region, the anterior parvicellular subnucleus of the paraventricular nucleus, around the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (pars compacta), the subincertal region, the arcuate nucleus, the anterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala, the suprageniculate nucleus, the lateral lemniscal nuclei, the lateraldorsal and lateralventral central gray, the posterior aspects of the commissural and marginal nuclei of the inferior colliculus, the paragenule nucleus, the A-5 region, the area postrema, the ventromedial nucleus of the solitary tract, area X, the spinal trigeminal nucleus (pars zonale), and superficial laminae of the spinal cord.
In rats receiving stimulation of the cortical nucleus (ACO) or the baso-lateral group of nuclei (ABL), a similar effect of estradiol was extended through stage 1.
MD injections labeled numerous cells in the anterior division of the cortical nucleus, medial nucleus, and caudomedial part of the central nucleus.
In the amygdala, vomeronasal pathways project to the posteromedial cortical nucleus (PMCN), and medial nucleus (MN). The main olfactory pathways have terminations in the posterolateral cortical nucleus (PLCN), and anterior cortical nucleus (ACN), both of which project to the PMCN and MN.
Stress decreased dopaminergic activity in the ACE, the cortical nucleus of the amygdala, the dorsomedial and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus and the ventral tegmental area.
The prelimbic area has additional projections to the posterolateral cortical nucleus and amygdalo-hippocampal area. The infralimbic area does not project to the basolateral nucleus and cortico-amygdaloid projections from this area are focussed on the anterior cortical nucleus and the anterior amygdaloid area.
While most of these projections arise from the magnocellular component of the basal nucleus, some arise also from other nuclei, such as the parvocellular basal nucleus, the corticoamygdaloid transition area and the cortical nucleus.
No fibers projected from the posterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala to the hypothalamus. Most amygdaloid projections to the lateral hypothalamic area originated in the anterior half of the amygdala, while projections to the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus arose along the entire length of the amygdala except the posterior cortical nucleus.
This cortical influence was evoked by electrical stimulation of the cortical nucleus of amygdala (Aco), and was very similar to coughing accompanying changes in emotional behavior and was depressed more effectively by psychotropics than by centrally acting antitussives like codeine.
Type 1 receptors were concentrated in the anterior aspects of the amygdala, particularly the anterior cortical nucleus.
No mediolateral or dorsoventral gradients, but a distinct rostrocaudal gradient of proliferation was evident in comparisons of both rostral vs caudal nuclei and of anterior vs posterior regions of individual nuclei, such as the cortical nucleus.
Moderate levels of receptors were found in the neuropil of the hippocampus, the lateral septum, the cortical nucleus of the amygdala and the entorhinal cortex.
In addition, intracortical fibers from the anterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala are distributed throughout layer I, including layer Ia and Ib.
The anterior cortical nucleus projects to many parts of the olfactory cortex, but the fibers end in both superficial and deep parts of layer I (layer Ia and Ib).
Following lesion of the posterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala (PCAN), the number of degenerating axon terminals and alterations of synaptic pattern were studied in the molecular layer (ML) of the medial nucleus of the amygdala (MAN) of male and female rats.
As demonstrates the analysis of the data obtained, in male rats the following area respond to gonadectomy: neurons of the anterior amygdaloid area of the dep zone of the anterior cortical nucleus, of the central nucleus, of the posterior intercalated masses, of the dorsomedial nucleus, of the posterior medial nucleus and of the medial part in the posterior cortical nucleus. In female rats anterior parts of the central nucleus, medial and basomedial nuclei at the level of the main trunk in the terminal strip, the dorsomedial nucleus, the periventricular zones, the posterior medial nucleus and the medial part of the posterior cortical nucleus become sensitive to the experimentally produced deficit of the sex hormones.
Autoradiographic analysis of "vomeronasal' projections from the accessory olfactory bulb and "olfactory' projections from the main bulb, revealed that rostral CMA lesions which damaged the medial nucleus and extended to the ventral surface of the brain (ventral lesions) interrupted vomeronasal input to the more caudally-placed posteromedial cortical nucleus, but spared olfactory inputs to adjacent caudal areas of the amygdala and piriform lobe.
The order of increasing dendritic branching complexity of the divisions under consideration is as follows: cortical nucleus, medial basal nucleus, parvocellular accessory basal nucleus and ventromedial portion of lateral nucleus, and dorsolateral portion of the lateral nucleus.
As to the insular cortex, the posterior agranular insular area projects to all amygdaloid subdivisions; the BL, AC, and the anterior cortical nucleus (COa) receive, in addition, fibers from the ventral agranular area. Additional amygdalopetal connections from the hippocampal region include a previously undescribed projection from the temporal two-thirds of CA1 to the AL and BL and to the posterior cortical nucleus (COp) with the adjacent periamygdaloid cortex (PAC).
Either CHX (in 0.5 microliter saline) or 0.5 microliter saline was injected into the lateral septum (LS), cortical nucleus (ACO) or medial nucleus of the amygdala or medial preoptic area on day 11 after OVX.
These results indicate that the cortical nucleus of the amygdala, but not other amygdaloid nuclei or the PAG, is an extrahypothalamic site involved in the mediation of narcotic-induced changes in gonadotropin secretion in the male rat..
Neurons in both C1 and C2 project to the molecular layer of the medial amygdaloid nucleus and the posteromedial cortical nucleus of the amygdala, the plexiform layer of the ventral subiculum, and the molecular layer of the lateral entorhinal cortex..
The medial and the central nucleus receive the most intraamygdaloid connections: the medial--from the basal dorsal, basal ventral, posterior part of the cortical nucleus and from the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract; the central nucleus--from the basal (dorsal and ventral) nuclei and from the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract.
The rest of the periamygdaloid cortex medial to the amygdaloid fissure and including the cortical nucleus of the amygdala projects primarily to the basomedial nucleus.
The increase in LAP activity is not so significant when the lesion does not affect the cortical nucleus..
The association and commissural fiber systems arising in the olfactory cortical areas caudal to the olfactory peduncle (the piriform cortex, nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, anterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala, periamygdaloid cortex and entorhinal cortex) have been studied utilizing horseradish peroxidase as both an anterograde and a retrograde axonal tracer. The nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract has a heavy bilateral projection to the medial part of the anterior piriform cortex and the lateral part of the olfactory tubercle (as well as a lighter projection to the olfactory bulb); both the anterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala and the periamygdaloid cortex project ipsilaterally to several olfactory cortical areas.
The cortical nucleus, which generally has a small number of boutons of F-type has some parts seemingly belonging to the first, and others to the second group.
The pathways descending from the amygdala to neural structures in the lower brain stem responsible for production of spasmodic expiratory response like cough (SER), which occurred upon electrical stimulation of the cortical nucleus of amygdala (Aco), were investigated using microinjection and ablation techniques in the cat.
The anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus and the prepiriform cortex both project to the infralimbic area and the ventral agranular insular area, and the anterior cortical nucleus also projects to the posterior agranular area and the perirhinal area.
Projection sites of the accessory bulb include the bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract and layer IA of the medial nucleus and the posteromedial cortical nucleus of the amygdala (periamygdaloid areas 3, 4, PAM, caudal half of 2, 6 of Rose, '31).
A maintained facilitation of the MR was elicited by stimulation of the lateral nucleus, the parvocellular portion of the basal nucleus and the cortical nucleus, while the reflex was inhibited during stimulation of the medial-most portion of the posterior amygdala.
Cannulas were stereotactically implanted in the lateral hypothalamus and the ipsilateral amygdaloid cortical nucleus of 7 male albino rats, Wistar strain. The elicitation of increased food intake in the satiated rat by adrenergic stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus was confirmed, and it was further found that simultaneous adrenergic stimulation of the amygdaloid cortical nucleus augmented this increase. However, simultaneous anti-adrenergic blockade in the amygdaloid cortical nucleus reduced eating to control level. The lack of response of the amygdaloid cortical nucleus to adrenergic stimulation in the satiated rat, under simultaneous stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus with either placebo or an adrenergic blocker, was also demonstrated. It was concluded that the amygdaloid cortical nucleus has a modulatory influence on eating behavior, which is dependent on the level of activity in the lateral hypothalamus, and further that this modulatory influence is necessary to the behavioral output of the hypothalamic system.
Stimulation of the cortical nucleus produced variable changes in arterial pressure.
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